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过guo秦qin论lun

上shang篇pian秦qin孝xiao公gong据ju崤xiao函han之zhi固gu，拥yong雍yong州zhou之zhi地di，君jun臣chen固gu守shou以yi窥kui周zhou室shi，有you席xi卷juan天tian下xia，包bao举ju宇yu内nei，囊nang括kuo四si海hai之zhi意yi，并bing吞tun八ba荒huang之zhi心xin。当dang是shi时shi也ye，商shang君jun佐zuo之zhi，内nei立li法fa度du，务wu耕geng织zhi，修xiu守shou战zhan之zhi具ju；外wai连lian衡heng而er斗dou诸zhu侯hou。于yu是shi秦qin人ren拱gong手shou而er取qu西xi河he之zhi外wai。孝xiao公gong既ji没mei，惠hui文wen、武wu、昭zhao襄xiang蒙meng故gu业ye，因yin遗yi策ce，南nan取qu汉han中zhong，西xi举ju巴ba、蜀shu，东dong割ge膏gao腴yu之zhi地di，北bei收shou要yao害hai之zhi郡jun。诸zhu侯hou恐kong惧ju，会hui盟meng而er谋mou弱ruo秦qin，不bu爱ai珍zhen器qi重zhong宝bao肥fei饶rao之zhi地di，以yi致zhi天tian下xia之zhi士shi，合he从cong缔di交jiao，相xiang与yu为wei一yi。当dang此ci之zhi时shi，齐qi有you孟meng尝chang，赵zhao有you平ping原yuan，楚chu有you春chun申shen，魏wei有you信xin陵ling。此ci四si君jun者zhe，皆jie明ming智zhi而er忠zhong信xin，宽kuan厚hou而er爱ai人ren，尊zun贤xian而er重zhong士shi，约yue从cong离li衡heng，兼jian韩han、魏wei、燕yan、楚chu、齐qi、赵zhao、宋song、卫wei、中zhong山shan之zhi众zhong。于yu是shi六liu国guo之zhi士shi，有you宁ning越yue、徐xu尚shang、苏su秦qin、杜du赫he之zhi属shu为wei之zhi谋mou，齐qi明ming、周zhou最zui、陈chen轸zhen、召zhao滑hua、楼lou缓huan、翟di景jing、苏su厉li、乐le毅yi之zhi徒tu通tong其qi意yi，吴wu起qi、孙sun膑bin、带dai佗tuo、倪ni良liang、王wang廖liao、田tian忌ji、廉lian颇po、赵zhao奢she之zhi伦lun制zhi其qi兵bing。尝chang以yi十shi倍bei之zhi地di，百bai万wan之zhi众zhong，叩kou关guan而er攻gong秦qin。秦qin人ren开kai关guan延yan敌di，九jiu国guo之zhi师shi，逡qun巡xun而er不bu敢gan进jin。秦qin无wu亡wang矢shi遗yi镞zu之zhi费fei，而er天tian下xia诸zhu侯hou已yi困kun矣yi。于yu是shi从cong散san约yue败bai，争zheng割ge地di而er赂lu秦qin。秦qin有you余yu力li而er制zhi其qi弊bi，追zhui亡wang逐zhu北bei，伏fu尸shi百bai万wan，流liu血xue漂piao橹lu。因yin利li乘cheng便bian，宰zai割ge天tian下xia，分fen裂lie山shan河he。强qiang国guo请qing服fu，弱ruo国guo入ru朝chao。延yan及ji孝xiao文wen王wang、庄zhuang襄xiang王wang，享xiang国guo之zhi日ri浅qian，国guo家jia无wu事shi。及ji至zhi始shi皇huang，奋fen六liu世shi之zhi余yu烈lie，振zhen长chang策ce而er御yu宇yu内nei，吞tun二er周zhou而er亡wang诸zhu侯hou，履lv至zhi尊zun而er制zhi六liu合he，执zhi敲qiao扑pu而er鞭bian笞chi天tian下xia，威wei振zhen四si海hai。南nan取qu百bai越yue之zhi地di，以yi为wei桂gui林lin、象xiang郡jun；百bai越yue之zhi君jun，俯fu首shou系xi颈jing，委wei命ming下xia吏li。乃nai使shi蒙meng恬tian北bei筑zhu长chang城cheng而er守shou藩fan篱li，却que匈xiong奴nu七qi百bai余yu里li。胡hu人ren不bu敢gan南nan下xia而er牧mu马ma，士shi不bu敢gan弯wan弓gong而er报bao怨yuan。于yu是shi废fei先xian王wang之zhi道dao，焚fen百bai家jia之zhi言yan，以yi愚yu黔qian首shou；隳hui名ming城cheng，杀sha豪hao杰jie，收shou天tian下xia之zhi兵bing，聚ju之zhi咸xian阳yang，销xiao锋feng镝di，铸zhu以yi为wei金jin人ren十shi二er，以yi弱ruo天tian下xia之zhi民min。然ran后hou践jian华hua为wei城cheng，因yin河he为wei池chi，据ju亿yi丈zhang之zhi城cheng，临lin不bu测ce之zhi渊yuan，以yi为wei固gu。良liang将jiang劲jin弩nu守shou要yao害hai之zhi处chu，信xin臣chen精jing卒zu陈chen利li兵bing而er谁shui何he。天tian下xia已yi定ding，始shi皇huang之zhi心xin，自zi以yi为wei关guan中zhong之zhi固gu，金jin城cheng千qian里li，子zi孙sun帝di王wang万wan世shi之zhi业ye也ye。始shi皇huang既ji没mei，余yu威wei震zhen于yu殊shu俗su。然ran陈chen涉she瓮weng牖you绳sheng枢shu之zhi子zi，氓mang隶li之zhi人ren，而er迁qian徙xi之zhi徒tu也ye；才cai能neng不bu及ji中zhong人ren，非fei有you仲zhong尼ni、墨mo翟di之zhi贤xian，陶tao朱zhu、猗yi顿dun之zhi富fu；蹑nie足zu行xing伍wu之zhi间jian，而er倔jue起qi阡qian陌mo之zhi中zhong，率lv疲pi弊bi之zhi卒zu，将jiang数shu百bai之zhi众zhong，转zhuan而er攻gong秦qin，斩zhan木mu为wei兵bing，揭jie竿gan为wei旗qi，天tian下xia云yun集ji响xiang应ying，赢ying粮liang而er景jing从cong。山shan东dong豪hao俊jun遂sui并bing起qi而er亡wang秦qin族zu矣yi。且qie夫fu天tian下xia非fei小xiao弱ruo也ye，雍yong州zhou之zhi地di，崤xiao函han之zhi固gu，自zi若ruo也ye。陈chen涉she之zhi位wei，非fei尊zun于yu齐qi、楚chu、燕yan、赵zhao、韩han、魏wei、宋song、卫wei、中zhong山shan之zhi君jun也ye；锄chu耰you棘ji矜jin，非fei铦xian于yu钩gou戟ji长chang铩sha也ye；谪zhe戍shu之zhi众zhong，非fei抗kang于yu九jiu国guo之zhi师shi也ye；深shen谋mou远yuan虑lv，行xing军jun用yong兵bing之zhi道dao，非fei及ji向xiang时shi之zhi士shi也ye。然ran而er成cheng败bai异yi变bian，功gong业ye相xiang反fan，何he也ye??试shi使shi山shan东dong之zhi国guo与yu陈chen涉she度du长chang絜xie大da，比bi权quan量liang力li，则ze不bu可ke同tong年nian而er语yu矣yi。然ran秦qin以yi区qu区qu之zhi地di，致zhi万wan乘cheng之zhi势shi，序xu八ba州zhou而er朝chao同tong列lie，百bai有you余yu年nian矣yi；然ran后hou以yi六liu合he为wei家jia，崤xiao函han为wei宫gong；一yi夫fu作zuo难nan而er七qi庙miao隳hui，身shen死si人ren手shou，为wei天tian下xia笑xiao者zhe，何he也ye？仁ren义yi不bu施shi而er攻gong守shou之zhi势shi异yi也ye。中zhong篇pian秦qin灭mie周zhou祀si，并bing海hai内nei，兼jian诸zhu侯hou，南nan面mian称cheng帝di，以yi养yang四si海hai。天tian下xia之zhi士shi，斐fei然ran向xiang风feng。若ruo是shi，何he也ye？曰yue：近jin古gu之zhi无wu王wang者zhe久jiu矣yi。周zhou室shi卑bei微wei，五wu霸ba既ji灭mie，令ling不bu行xing于yu天tian下xia。是shi以yi诸zhu侯hou力li政zheng，强qiang凌ling弱ruo，众zhong暴bao寡gua，兵bing革ge不bu休xiu，士shi民min罢ba弊bi。今jin秦qin南nan面mian而er王wang天tian下xia，是shi上shang有you天tian子zi也ye。既ji元yuan元yuan之zhi民min冀ji得de安an其qi性xing命ming，莫mo不bu虚xu心xin而er仰yang上shang。当dang此ci之zhi时shi，专zhuan威wei定ding功gong，安an危wei之zhi本ben，在zai于yu此ci矣yi。秦qin王wang怀huai贪tan鄙bi之zhi心xin，行xing自zi奋fen之zhi智zhi，不bu信xin功gong臣chen，不bu亲qin士shi民min，废fei王wang道dao而er立li私si爱ai，焚fen文wen书shu而er酷ku刑xing法fa，先xian诈zha力li而er后hou仁ren义yi，以yi暴bao虐nue为wei天tian下xia始shi。夫fu兼jian并bing者zhe高gao诈zha力li，安an危wei者zhe贵gui顺shun权quan，此ci言yan取qu与yu守shou不bu同tong术shu也ye。秦qin离li战zhan国guo而er王wang天tian下xia，其qi道dao不bu易yi，其qi政zheng不bu改gai，是shi其qi所suo以yi取qu之zhi守shou之zhi者zhe无wu异yi也ye。孤gu独du而er有you之zhi，故gu其qi亡wang可ke立li而er待dai也ye。借jie使shi秦qin王wang论lun上shang世shi之zhi事shi，并bing殷yin、周zhou之zhi迹ji，以yi制zhi御yu其qi政zheng，后hou虽sui有you淫yin骄jiao之zhi主zhu，犹you未wei有you倾qing危wei之zhi患huan也ye。故gu三san王wang之zhi建jian天tian下xia，名ming号hao显xian美mei，功gong业ye长chang久jiu。今jin秦qin二er世shi立li，天tian下xia莫mo不bu引yin领ling而er观guan其qi政zheng。夫fu寒han者zhe利li裋shu褐he，而er饥ji者zhe甘gan糟zao糠kang。天tian下xia嚣xiao嚣xiao，新xin主zhu之zhi资zi也ye。此ci言yan劳lao民min之zhi易yi为wei仁ren也ye。向xiang使shi二er世shi有you庸yong主zhu之zhi行xing而er任ren忠zhong贤xian，臣chen主zhu一yi心xin而er忧you海hai内nei之zhi患huan，缟gao素su而er正zheng先xian帝di之zhi过guo；裂lie地di分fen民min以yi封feng功gong臣chen之zhi后hou，建jian国guo立li君jun以yi礼li天tian下xia；虚xu囹ling圄yu而er免mian刑xing戮lu，去qu收shou孥nu污wu秽hui之zhi罪zui，使shi各ge反fan其qi乡xiang里li；发fa仓cang廪lin，散san财cai币bi，以yi振zhen孤gu独du穷qiong困kun之zhi士shi；轻qing赋fu少shao事shi，以yi佐zuo百bai姓xing之zhi急ji；约yue法fa省sheng刑xing，以yi持chi其qi后hou，使shi天tian下xia之zhi人ren皆jie得de自zi新xin，更geng节jie修xiu行xing，各ge慎shen其qi身shen；塞sai万wan民min之zhi望wang，而er以yi盛sheng德de与yu天tian下xia，天tian下xia息xi矣yi。即ji四si海hai之zhi内nei皆jie欢huan然ran各ge自zi安an乐le其qi处chu，惟wei恐kong有you变bian。虽sui有you狡jiao害hai之zhi民min，无wu离li上shang之zhi心xin，则ze不bu轨gui之zhi臣chen无wu以yi饰shi其qi智zhi，而er暴bao乱luan之zhi奸jian弭mi矣yi。二er世shi不bu行xing此ci术shu，而er重zhong以yi无wu道dao：坏huai宗zong庙miao与yu民min，更geng始shi作zuo阿a房fang之zhi宫gong；繁fan刑xing严yan诛zhu，吏li治zhi刻ke深shen；赏shang罚fa不bu当dang，赋fu敛lian无wu度du。天tian下xia多duo事shi，吏li不bu能neng纪ji；百bai姓xing困kun穷qiong，而er主zhu不bu收shou恤xu。然ran后hou奸jian伪wei并bing起qi，而er上shang下xia相xiang遁dun；蒙meng罪zui者zhe众zhong，刑xing戮lu相xiang望wang于yu道dao，而er天tian下xia苦ku之zhi。自zi群qun卿qing以yi下xia至zhi于yu众zhong庶shu，人ren怀huai自zi危wei之zhi心xin，亲qin处chu穷qiong苦ku之zhi实shi，咸xian不bu安an其qi位wei，故gu易yi动dong也ye。是shi以yi陈chen涉she不bu用yong汤tang、武wu之zhi贤xian，不bu借jie公gong侯hou之zhi尊zun，奋fen臂bi于yu大da泽ze，而er天tian下xia响xiang应ying者zhe，其qi民min危wei也ye。故gu先xian王wang者zhe，见jian终zhong始shi不bu变bian，知zhi存cun亡wang之zhi由you。是shi以yi牧mu民min之zhi道dao，务wu在zai安an之zhi而er已yi矣yi。下xia虽sui有you逆ni行xing之zhi臣chen，必bi无wu响xiang应ying之zhi助zhu。故gu曰yue：“安an民min可ke与yu为wei义yi，而er危wei民min易yi与yu为wei非fei”，此ci之zhi谓wei也ye。贵gui为wei天tian子zi，富fu有you四si海hai，身shen在zai于yu戮lu者zhe，正zheng之zhi非fei也ye。是shi二er世shi之zhi过guo也ye。下xia篇pian秦qin兼jian诸zhu侯hou山shan东dong三san十shi余yu郡jun，脩xiu津jin关guan，据ju险xian塞sai，缮shan甲jia兵bing而er守shou之zhi。然ran陈chen涉she率lv散san乱luan之zhi众zhong数shu百bai，奋fen臂bi大da呼hu，不bu用yong弓gong戟ji之zhi兵bing，鉏chu耰you白bai梃ting，望wang屋wu而er食shi，横heng行xing天tian下xia。秦qin人ren阻zu险xian不bu守shou，关guan梁liang不bu闭bi，长chang戟ji不bu刺ci，强qiang弩nu不bu射she。楚chu师shi深shen入ru，战zhan于yu鸿hong门men，曾zeng无wu藩fan篱li之zhi难nan。于yu是shi山shan东dong诸zhu侯hou并bing起qi，豪hao俊jun相xiang立li。秦qin使shi章zhang邯han将jiang而er东dong征zheng，章zhang邯han因yin其qi三san军jun之zhi众zhong，要yao市shi于yu外wai，以yi谋mou其qi上shang。群qun臣chen之zhi不bu相xiang信xin，可ke见jian于yu此ci矣yi。子zi婴ying立li，遂sui不bu悟wu。借jie使shi子zi婴ying有you庸yong主zhu之zhi材cai而er仅jin得de中zhong佐zuo，山shan东dong虽sui乱luan，三san秦qin之zhi地di可ke全quan而er有you，宗zong庙miao之zhi祀si宜yi未wei绝jue也ye。秦qin地di被bei山shan带dai河he以yi为wei固gu，四si塞sai之zhi国guo也ye。自zi缪miu公gong以yi来lai至zhi于yu秦qin王wang二er十shi余yu君jun，常chang为wei诸zhu侯hou雄xiong。此ci岂qi世shi贤xian哉zai？其qi势shi居ju然ran也ye。且qie天tian下xia尝chang同tong心xin并bing力li攻gong秦qin矣yi，然ran困kun于yu险xian阻zu而er不bu能neng进jin者zhe，岂qi勇yong力li智zhi慧hui不bu足zu哉zai？形xing不bu利li、势shi不bu便bian也ye。秦qin虽sui小xiao邑yi，伐fa并bing大da城cheng，得de阨e塞sai而er守shou之zhi。诸zhu侯hou起qi于yu匹pi夫fu，以yi利li会hui，非fei有you素su王wang之zhi行xing也ye。其qi交jiao未wei亲qin，其qi民min未wei附fu，名ming曰yue亡wang秦qin，其qi实shi利li之zhi也ye。彼bi见jian秦qin阻zu之zhi难nan犯fan，必bi退tui师shi。案an土tu息xi民min以yi待dai其qi弊bi，收shou弱ruo扶fu罢ba以yi令ling大da国guo之zhi君jun，不bu患huan不bu得de意yi于yu海hai内nei。贵gui为wei天tian子zi，富fu有you四si海hai，而er身shen为wei禽qin者zhe，救jiu败bai非fei也ye。秦qin王wang足zu己ji而er不bu问wen，遂sui过guo而er不bu变bian。二er世shi受shou之zhi，因yin而er不bu改gai，暴bao虐nue以yi重zhong祸huo。子zi婴ying孤gu立li无wu亲qin，危wei弱ruo无wu辅fu。三san主zhu之zhi惑huo，终zhong身shen不bu悟wu，亡wang不bu亦yi宜yi乎hu？当dang此ci时shi也ye，也ye非fei无wu深shen谋mou远yuan虑lv知zhi化hua之zhi士shi也ye，然ran所suo以yi不bu敢gan尽jin忠zhong指zhi过guo者zhe，秦qin俗su多duo忌ji讳hui之zhi禁jin也ye，——忠zhong言yan未wei卒zu于yu口kou而er身shen糜mi没mei矣yi。故gu使shi天tian下xia之zhi士shi倾qing耳er而er听ting，重zhong足zu而er立li，阖he口kou而er不bu言yan。是shi以yi三san主zhu失shi道dao，而er忠zhong臣chen不bu谏jian，智zhi士shi不bu谋mou也ye。天tian下xia已yi乱luan，奸jian不bu上shang闻wen，岂qi不bu悲bei哉zai！先xian王wang知zhi壅yong蔽bi之zhi伤shang国guo也ye，故gu置zhi公gong卿qing、大da夫fu、士shi，以yi饰shi法fa设she刑xing而er天tian下xia治zhi。其qi强qiang也ye，禁jin暴bao诛zhu乱luan而er天tian下xia服fu；其qi弱ruo也ye，王wang霸ba征zheng而er诸zhu侯hou从cong；其qi削xiao也ye，内nei守shou外wai附fu而er社she稷ji存cun。故gu秦qin之zhi盛sheng也ye，繁fan法fa严yan刑xing而er天tian下xia震zhen；及ji其qi衰shuai也ye，百bai姓xing怨yuan而er海hai内nei叛pan矣yi。故gu周zhou王wang序xu得de其qi道dao，千qian余yu载zai不bu绝jue；秦qin本ben末mo并bing失shi，故gu不bu能neng长chang。由you是shi观guan之zhi，安an危wei之zhi统tong相xiang去qu远yuan矣yi。鄙bi谚yan曰yue：“前qian事shi之zhi不bu忘wang，后hou事shi之zhi师shi也ye。”是shi以yi君jun子zi为wei国guo，观guan之zhi上shang古gu，验yan之zhi当dang世shi，参can之zhi人ren事shi，察cha盛sheng衰shuai之zhi理li，审shen权quan势shi之zhi宜yi，去qu就jiu有you序xu，变bian化hua因yin时shi，故gu旷kuang日ri长chang久jiu而er社she稷ji安an矣yi。

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