mean

• adj. 平均的；卑鄙的；低劣的
• vt. 意味；想要；意欲
• n. 平均值
• vi. 用意
• n. (Mean)人名；(柬)棉

词态变化

中文词源

来自古英语maenan,意思是，打算，来自PIE*meino,意见，意图，来自*men,思考，思想，词源同mind,mania.

来自古英语gemaene,普通的，公共的，一般的，来自Proto-Germanic*ga-mainiz,共有的，来自PIE*ko-moin,共有，公共，*ko,一起，词源同com-,*moin,交换，互通，词源同common,mutable.引申词义平庸的，后词义进一步贬义化，用于指吝啬的，小气的，刻薄的。

来自拉丁语medianus,中间的，来自medius,在中间，词源同middle,medial.用于数学术语中间值等。

英文词源

mean

mean: English has three distinct words mean. The oldest, ‘intend’ [OE], goes back via a prehistoric West Germanic *mainjan to the Indo-European base *men- ‘think’ (source also of English memory, mention, mind, etc). The adjective ‘petty, stingy’ [12] originally meant ‘common, shared by all’. It comes from a prehistoric Germanic *gamainiz (source also of German gemein ‘common, shared’), which was formed from the collective prefix *ga- and *mainiz.

This went back to an Indo-European base *moi-, *mei- ‘change, exchange’, which also lies behind English mad, moult, mutate, mutual, and the second syllable of common. Mean’s semantic history can be traced from ‘common to all’ via ‘inferior’ and ‘low, ignoble’ to ‘petty’. The adjective ‘intermediate, average’ [14] came via Anglo-Norman meen and Old French meien from Latin mediānus (source of English median), a derivative of medius ‘middle’ (source of English medium).

It forms the basis of the plural noun means ‘method’ [14], and of the compound adverb meanwhile [15].
=> memory, mention, mind; common, mad, moult, mutate, mutual; median, medium

mean (v.1)

"intend, have in mind," Old English mænan "to mean, intend, signify; tell, say; complain, lament," from West Germanic *mainijan (cognates: Old Frisian mena "to signify," Old Saxon menian "to intend, signify, make known," Dutch menen, German meinen "think, suppose, be of the opinion"), from PIE *meino- "opinion, intent" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic meniti "to think, have an opinion," Old Irish mian "wish, desire," Welsh mwyn "enjoyment"), perhaps from root *men- "think" (see mind (n.)). Conversational question you know what I mean? attested by 1834.

mean (adj.1)

"low-quality," c. 1200, "shared by all," from imene, from Old English gemæne "common, public, general, universal, shared by all," from Proto-Germanic *ga-mainiz "possessed jointly" (cognates: Old Frisian mene, Old Saxon gimeni, Middle Low German gemeine, Middle Dutch gemene, Dutch gemeen, German gemein, Gothic gamains "common"), from PIE *ko-moin-i- "held in common," a compound adjective formed from collective prefix *ko- "together" (Proto-Germanic *ga-) + *moi-n-, suffixed form of PIE root *mei- (1) "to change, exchange" (see mutable). Compare second element in common (adj.), a word with a sense evolution parallel to that of this word.

Of things, "inferior, second-rate," from late 14c. (a secondary sense in Old English was "false, wicked"). Notion of "so-so, mediocre" led to confusion with mean (n.). Meaning "inferior in rank or status" (of persons) emerged early 14c.; that of "ordinary" from late 14c.; that of "stingy, nasty" first recorded 1660s; weaker sense of "disobliging, pettily offensive" is from 1839, originally American English slang. Inverted sense of "remarkably good" (i.e. plays a mean saxophone) first recorded c. 1900, perhaps from phrase no mean _______ "not inferior" (1590s, also, "not average," reflecting further confusion with mean (n.)).

mean (n.)

"that which is halfway between extremes," early 14c., from Old French meien "middle, means, intermediary," noun use of adjective from Latin medianus "of or that is in the middle" (see mean (adj.2)). Oldest sense is musical; mathematical sense is from c. 1500. Some senes reflect confusion with mean (adj.1). This is the mean in by no means (late 15c.).

mean (v.2)

"calculate an arithmetical mean," 1882, from mean (n.).

mean (adj.2)

"occupying a middle or intermediate place," mid-14c., from Anglo-French meines (plural), Old French meien, variant of moiien "mid-, medium, common, middle-class" (12c., Modern French moyen), from Late Latin medianus "of the middle," from Latin medius "in the middle" (see medial (adj.)). Meaning "intermediate in time" is from mid-15c. Mathematical sense is from late 14c.

双语例句

1. When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing.

当生活很艰难，你想要放弃的时候，请记住，生活充满了起起落落，如果没有低谷，那站在高处也失去了意义。

来自

2. "What do you mean?" I asked, offended on Liddie's behalf.

“你什么意思啊？”我问，替利迪感到愤愤不平。

来自柯林斯例句

3. This will mean more remand prisoners being held in police cells.

这将意味着更多候审犯人会被拘押在警局拘留室。

来自柯林斯例句

4. Take a hundred and twenty values and calculate the mean.

取120个值计算平均数。

来自柯林斯例句

5. But that doesn't mean this brand of politics is dead or dying.

但那并不意味着这种政治主张已经或正在消亡。

来自柯林斯例句